**Patient Analysis: Headache in a 13-year-old Male**

---

**1. Potential Differential Diagnoses**

- **Primary Headache Disorders**
  - Migraine (with or without aura)
  - Tension-type headache
  - Cluster headache (less common in this age group)

- **Secondary Headache Causes**
  - Sinusitis
  - Viral or bacterial infection (e.g., upper respiratory tract infection, meningitis)
  - Medication overuse headache
  - Refractive error (vision problems)
  - Trauma (recent head injury)
  - Intracranial pathology (tumor, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage)
  - Hypertension
  - Dental issues (e.g., temporomandibular joint dysfunction)
  - Dehydration

---

**2. Recommended Diagnostic Tests**

*Initial evaluation should be guided by history and physical examination. Consider the following:*

- **Basic Workup**
  - Detailed history and neurological examination
  - Vital signs (including blood pressure)
  - Fundoscopic examination (for papilledema)
  - Sinus examination

- **Further Investigations (if indicated by red flags or abnormal findings)**
  - Neuroimaging (MRI or CT brain) if suspicion of intracranial pathology
  - Lumbar puncture (if signs of meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage)
  - CBC, CRP/ESR (if infection or inflammation suspected)
  - Vision assessment (if visual symptoms present)

---

**3. Urgency Level**

- **Medium** (based on current information)
  - *If only headache is present without red flags or abnormal findings, outpatient evaluation is appropriate.*
  - *If any red flags are present (see below), urgency increases to High.*

---

**4. Key Observations and Clinical Notes**

- Age and gender: 13-year-old male
- Symptom: Headache (no further details provided)
- No past medical history of note (medical history entry appears non-specific)
- No associated symptoms provided (e.g., fever, neck stiffness, vomiting, visual changes, trauma)
- No mention of recent illness, trauma, or medication use

*Clinical notes:*
- A thorough history is essential (onset, duration, location, character, associated symptoms, triggers, family history of migraine, impact on daily activities).
- Physical and neurological examination is critical to rule out secondary causes.

---

**5. Red Flags to Watch For**

- Sudden, severe ("thunderclap") headache
- Headache with fever, neck stiffness, photophobia (meningitis/encephalitis)
- Altered mental status, confusion, seizures
- Focal neurological deficits (weakness, vision loss, ataxia)
- Papilledema (suggests increased intracranial pressure)
- Headache worsening with Valsalva, lying down, or in the morning
- Recent head trauma
- New onset headache in a patient with cancer or immunosuppression
- Persistent vomiting
- Headache that awakens from sleep

---

**Summary:**  
Mr Patient, a 13-year-old male, presents with headache. The differential is broad and includes primary and secondary causes. The urgency is medium unless red flags are present. A detailed history and examination are essential to guide further workup. Immediate attention is warranted if any red flags develop.

**Recommendation:**  
Advise prompt evaluation by a healthcare professional for further assessment and management.